THIS JUST IN: You work for a national radio broadcasting company and it is your job to create the typed broadcast forthe evening news, recapping the experiences of Americans from before WWI allthe way to their experiences after the war.

For your story to be valid and acceptedby a wide audience, it must include the home front experiences of many groups andcover the topics below.

 

You are to highlight all seven keypoints below.

 

· Examine the experiencesof the local populations and varied demographics, including African Americans,women, and lower classes.

· What changed because ofthe movement from isolationism to expansionism?

· Assess the relevance ofpeople’s concerns about the war’s impact on the international community.

· Assess the war’seconomic impact, including the expansion of factories (big business) due towartime production.

· Compare and contrastpre-war and post-war experiences.

· Include at least threekey domestic figures and at least three key international figures.

· Include how the UnitedStates in the post-war era is positioned to become a superpower.

 

With any good news story, you mustutilize multiple sources. Your story must be a minimum of two pages. A minimumof two reputable sources must be used, cited, and referenced, one of which mustcome from the CSU Online Library. This means you will need to find at least oneadditional source on your own. Inappropriate resources or failure to use resourcesavailable in the CSU Online Library can lead to deductions (and loss of yournews audience).

Here is some extra reading sources.

UnitLesson

The Dawn ofthe 20th Century

Unit II left off with anevolving America at the turn of the century. Migrations from Europe rolled ineach day, the African American population of the American South began the firststages of a larger migration,  and what manypublicly had dubbed as a “Progressive Era” was, in reality, all too often ascene laced with corruption and inequality, especially for the lower classes. Inthe eastern cities, the now overcrowded tenements, strategically organized toresemble ethnic European neighborhoods, were the ticket for the ever-successfulpolitical machines. Even with their good works for the poor, the graft theyinstilled was arguably on or above par with the scandals of today. Labor, evenwith minor successes, still had trouble fighting for better conditions andwages. Big business, run by industry’s giants, still had the strength andinfluence to ensure that their profits were unaffected. The final act of thepassing century would be a question of America’s true intentions as a worldentity. Showing great interest in staking a claim throughout the Pacific,including trade in Asia, led down a winding path into controversial militaryaction and a question of imperial ambition.

That being said, the closeof the 19th century was not without its highlights. The technological andmarket revolutions of earlier decades, which bred smaller family sizes andskilled labor forces, saw the family unit begin to embrace leisure at alllevels of society. Reform groups, including women, African Americans, working classes,and even the church, were growing in influence and number. The politicalspectrum, fed by these reform-minded citizens, showed evidence of upheaval onthe state and local levels. The dawn of the 20^th century wouldreflect on these reforms. Also, with the rise of a world conflict, the U.S.would again be given anopportunity to prove its ambitions as either anisolationist economic juggernaut or an active western power.

The 20th century begins witha look back at progressivism. In cities such as New York, Boston, and Chicago, populationswere continuing to increase, laying the foundation for the modern cities asthey are today. The reforms, which had often started on the grassroots level,now began to inspire the support of the neighborhoods they supported.

 

The idea of a place ofhospitality was not an original idea to these American progressives, but it wasan effective one. Jane Addams of Chicago and her Hull House complex was one ofthe most noteworthy.

 

These houses and groupsserved dual functions. First, they were centrally located within lower-classneighborhoods and served as a safe place (like a community center or YMCA).Second, they were often viable alternatives to political machines, which onlycatered to the majority for their votes.

Charles Sheldon, like JaneAddams, spread a religious message with these efforts in specific attempt to attackthe elitism discussed in the previous unit. These institutions workedhand-in-hand with reforms, and from their efforts gained public awareness andsupport. These efforts would bear the early fruit of progressive works withjudicial victories (at that time) such as Muller v. Oregon.

Even with these earlyvictories, change was slow. Arguably the most significant reform movement inthe 19^th century after abolition was women’s suffrage. Unlikeabolition, which was eradicated by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, womenwould still be without an equal voice or vote on the federal level until 1920.Some early groups, such as the National American Woman Suffrage Association(NAWSA), were effective in rallying support in Western states. There wasrenewed hope in groups such as the Women’s Trade Union

 

League (WTUL): a workersunion, forged in 1903 and strengthened from disasters like the TriangleShirtwaist

Company fire of 1911, whichunited the voices of active women in major cities.

To gain support, there wereother attempts to change the cultural norm, such as attacking the saloonculture and the economic culture with limited government oversight (laissez-faire),which had ensured that the classes remained separated. Even in this newatmosphere, there would be significant opposition to women getting the vote.This often came from companies that thrived on the cultural norms beingattacked, such as big tobacco, alcohol, and other such corporations. Thesecompanies benefitted from the vices primarily enjoyed by men of the era. Forthe next two decades, reform-minded women would be lampooned as brainless,stuck-up, pampered, and pesky, all in the name of halting their efforts, whichthreatened the cultural norm as they gained national support.

 

CivilRights Activists and Roosevelt

Even with the passing of thethree Civil Rights Amendments, African Americans were far from considered equalin American society. The end of Reconstruction had led directly into anotherera of subjugation. As new laws were passed protecting these civil rights, newforms of segregation and angst rose to combat the situation. In response tothese troubles, two major voices would emerge: Booker T. Washington, a charismatic,self-made former slave, and W.E.B. Du Bois, who was well-educated andoutspoken.

 

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These two men, withall-too-often opposing viewpoints, would lead the charge for progress in thewake of reform. Washington is perhaps best-remembered today for his work withbuilding Tuskegee University and for his motivational methods, which demandedeffort, not entitlement, such as his famous Atlanta Compromise speech in 1895.(For more information see http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/88/.) Washington’smessage of rallying faith through good works was rivaled by his contemporary,W.E.B. Du Bois, who demanded the immediate equality that the law guaranteed andco-founded the NAACP. His most famous work, The Souls of Black Folk,is considered one of the prominent collections of writings depicting African-Americanculture in the post-Reconstruction era. Events such as the riots in Atlanta(1906) and Chicago (1919) would put these men, and later like-minded voices, atthe forefront of a new era of reform. Starting in the last years of the 19thcentury, progressivism grew into a political entity. Despite setbacks in thefederal elections of 1892 and 1896, local municipalities with significantlower-class working populations showed up and put representation in place tovocalize the need for reform. One of the more noteworthy figures to emerge withthis wave was Eugene V. Debs, an outspoken Socialist who championed the lowestclasses and feared the direction that the two-party system was going. Debs,however, was not alone; the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901would promote his Vice President, Theodore Roosevelt, to the executive office.(For more information see

 

 

 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt.)

Roosevelt was the epitome ofthe manly expectation, being viewed as a warrior, sportsman, cowboy, activist, reformer,and politician. He led the American people with a confidence and charisma thatinspired feelings of American infallibility and arrogance. Politically, hisinfluence is perhaps best renown for trust- busting, or enforcing regulationson the monopolies that had overtaken the railroads, oil, and other economicentities, which used laissez-faire tactics to widen the economic gap. Rooseveltalso believed in holding these corruptive influences publicly liable, whichwould become synonymous with his role serving alongside, and arguably as, amuckraker. He was first a man of the citizens, though—hoping to buildrelationships over enemies and even serving as a mediator between labordisputes, such as with the United Mine Workers (UMW). He did not seek to punishthe successful but simply to ensure that the system was fair for all. At thebeginning of the 20th century, the contiguous United States map, with theexception of a few southwestern territories, closely resembled modern times—atleast politically. Hawai’i and Alaska, protected U.S. territories at the time,along with Roosevelt’s arrogance, led to questions about America’s imperialpotential. The same “big stick” that Roosevelt had used to bust corruptivebusiness would also sometimes reach across U.S. boundaries. He would bedirectly influential in U.S. actions in Cuba and Panama. As a Navy man, he wasan advocate of international ambition. The idea of the U.S. as a “world police”agency would be made law with his Roosevelt Corollary, an amendment to theMonroe Doctrine that spelled out the United States’ role as an internationalpolice power.

 

(For more information see http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=56.)

The threat of a developingAmerican empire became very apparent under Roosevelt’s watch. Though his termswould not include the inclusion of any particular U.S. military conflicts, itis arguably fair to consider his time as Executive similar to that of wartimePresidents–his impact in foreign affairs would change U.S. positioning in theworld and set the stage for leaving the Western Hemisphere in case of worldconflict.

(Booker T. Washington, 1911)

(Battey, 1918)

Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt

(Rockwood, 1898)

HY 1120, American History II4

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Fluctuationsin Unity

Roosevelt would serve theremainder of McKinley’s term and earn re-election the following term. He was sopopular as President that even his chosen successor, William Howard Taft, wouldfail to keep the nation, or the Republican Party, united. Taft was not thecharismatic presence Roosevelt had been, and he also proved susceptible toswaying from Congress and allowing the courts to return to social politics.

In a few short years, almostall of Roosevelt’s good will with the American people was undone by rivals fromboth within and outside of the party. Anti-American sentiment was even fosteredabroad due to unsupported economic plans. In 1912, one of the more fascinatingpolitical battles in American history occurred. A third political party, theBull Moose Party, came out of nowhere to attack Taft’s administration. Led byformer President Teddy Roosevelt, this political family feud would ultimatelyseal the victory for Democrat Woodrow Wilson to take office in 1913. Wilson,however, needed more than a civil conflict to guarantee victory. With the failuresof Taft, progressivism once again gained steam, and Socialist Eugene Debs wasagain a legitimate national contender for office. Though four names were on theballot, Wilson was the clear victor. The nation was the most politically dividedas it had been since Lincoln was in office, but Wilson had support throughoutthe nation, and helped to unite the nation after what had been a disaster forRepublican supporters. Wilson, like Roosevelt, was a competent economist and abulldog for reform. He would quickly stabilize trade and taxation, attacktrusts, put the banks back in check, and his Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gavethe federal government an economic control that it had lacked since the Jacksonadministration. Progressivism was in remission except for a few strategic programs.Wilson had patched the nation back together, but his reelection in 1916 was wonon a different platform: isolationism and neutrality. War had broken out inEurope, and the U.S., with its melting pot of cultures, was a wildcard. Wilsonknew that war could be an economic savior from the recession of 1913, but a politicaldeath sentence if the U.S. became directly involved. His best move was keepingthe U.S. out of the fight while serving as supplier to those fighting.

 

 

The Path toWar

Oddly enough, the UnitedStates’ path to joining the war in Europe would start with disputes is Central

America. The Monroe Doctrineonce again encouraged U.S. influence in the Americas, and, like Roosevelt, Wilsonfelt that the U.S. model was to be the savior for struggling nations to thesouth. The U.S. wanted to shore up economic ties in the Caribbean and CentralAmerica and felt that helping to secure pro-U.S. leadership would be the bestway to do so.

Influences in Haiti, theDominican Republic, and Nicaragua provided some positive results, but adjacent

Mexico would incite a seriesof challenges. A takeover of Mexico by anti-U.S. General Victoriano Huerta wouldquickly result in U.S. interference. When Huerta fled to Spain, anotherrebellion emerged—this one under the leadership of Francisco “Pancho” Villa.Villa proved to be more adept at avoiding U.S. pressure, and with the war inEurope continuing to heat up, Wilson could not dispense too much military mightto the dispute.

 

On February 25th, 1917, theBritish intercepted a letter from Germany’s Foreign Secretary Arthur

Zimmerman. This letterstated that if Mexico would declare war on the U.S., Germany would return itsformer holdings in the American Southwest to Mexico at the end of the war. Inresponse, Wilson asked Congress to allow arms to protect American merchants;the U.S. remained neutral, unnerved by Germany’s tactics.

While Wilson preachedneutrality, the U.S. was not entirely out of the war’s influence. The U.S.trade with

Britain constituted almosthalf of the country’s wartime supplies, and Wilson even approved billions inU.S. loans to cover the growing cost. This trade was so lucrative that even theblockade by Britain against

Germany did notsignificantly faze U.S. interests.

President Woodrow Wilson

(Pach Brothers, 1912)

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In response to the Britishblockade, on May 7th, 1915, German U-Boats in the Eastern Atlantic sunk a luxury lineroff the coast of Ireland that was carrying 128 U.S. citizens. Germany explainedthe sinking as a measure of war, as the liner was carrying war supplies.Tensions calmed with the U.S. until March of 1917, when

Germany again targetedpassenger vessels it considered to be a covert part of the war effort. Theseattacks would kill another 66 U.S. citizens, and with the Zimmerman threat fromonly weeks before, Wilson had no choice but to ask Congress to declare war onGermany.

 

The FirstWorld War

 

The war started in 1914 withthe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary as he paradedin the city of Sarajevo. However, it can be argued that the battle lines weredrawn much earlier.

Upon the U.S. entry into thewar, Europe was divided between the Central powers (aka the Triple Alliance),which included the nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, andBulgaria, and the Allied powers (aka the Triple Entente), which includedGreat Britain, France, Japan, Russia, and the U.S. The war was as much a familyfeud as it was a political powder keg. Monarchs from multiple nations,including the aforementioned Franz Ferdinand of Austria, as well as Wilhelm IIof Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, and

George V of Britain, allclaimed some lineage to the Austrian Royal Family, which was once also part ofthe Holy Roman Empire. Some of the smaller nations would also boast leaders ofgreat charisma and influence, such as Italy’s ambitious Victor Emmanuel III,Serbia’s sickly Peter I, and the fearless Belgian Albert I.

 

These fronts, orbattle lines, were crafted from a series of alliances, which had been draftedover the previous decades. The assassination of an Austrian heir by a Bosnianextremist, Gavrilo Princip, was the only spark necessary to cause a territorialdispute in the Balkan region to explode into a full-scale world conflict. Nationafter nation, compelled by their alliances, declared war against one another.Even the bloodline of the influential Habsburg family, which included many ofthe prominent royal families of Europe, was not enough to suppress the chaosthat politics and fear had created. (For more information see

 

http://gcveteransmemorial.org/photo-panels/http:/gcveteransmemorial.org/photo-panels/.)

 

World War I is also known asthe Great War. It was the first modern war, the first trench war, andthe last war to be dominated by the traditional European monarchies, which usednationalism as a method for championing combat as a glorious rite of passage.This conflict was brutal for those on the front lines, as weeks to months at atime were spent crouching in dirt trenches. Covered in filth and waste, gasmasks at the ready, soldiers had to hold their resolve while preparing for theworst. Reinforcements and supplies were not always on schedule or reliable;when there was an advance, it was rarely more than a few feet. For those who didbrave “no-man’s land” between the trenches, all too often they had maybe onlymoments to reach the next trench. Any gains meant braving a sprint over barbedwire, mud, and fallen comrades, all while machine gun fire mowed down entirelines. What nationalistic ideals and images had promised was far from thetruth, as the accounts we have reflect this barbaric scene. Erich MariaRemarque’s unforgettable account of innocence lost as a German soldier in AllQuiet on the Western Front matches lesser known but equally horrific versionsfrom both sides of the conflict. On the home front, the war received mixedreviews. In the mix of hysteria and fear from loved ones half a world away,there was also a question of American purity, which got especially hostile,with even multiple generation Americans who had German ancestry beingostracized. Politically, on one side, Socialists saw this as an unnecessarythreat to the American people fueled by a Capitalist agenda. On the other side,

 

Progressives saw this as anopportunity for reform–with the men away, there were opportunities for othersto advance and capitalize on the wartime production. This even fed into prohibition(18th Amendment) as an effort to conserve resources. The suffrage debate wouldalso quickly gain support in this charged atmosphere. By 1918, Wilson hadchanged his perspective to one of support for the betterment of the war. By1919, the 19th Amendment was passed and then ratified in 1920, giving women theright to vote. It is important to note, however, that there was still a heavylobby against the passage of this suffrage bill; even in the prohibition years,alcohol companies held a strong political pressure, and they were franticallyjumping from state to state trying to slow the passage.

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It would be a showdown inNashville, Tennessee, that ultimately decided the bill’s future. With a strongantisuffrage feel among the state congress, most did not ever expect the billto pass. The sudden disappearance of large numbers from the Tennessee Congresskept the vote from reaching quorum. Only with the threat of the law was orderrestored, and even then the numbers expected a no vote to suffice. Itwas after receiving a letter from his mother that a shocking change of heartcompelled one representative, Harry Burn, to change his vote. This tipped thescale towards ratification, and women were finally granted their voting rights.Women would have their first opportunity to vote in the presidential electionof 1920, which witnessed Republican Warren G. Harding take all but the AmericanSouth. Eugene Debs would run yet again as a Socialist, but in a chargedpost-war atmosphere, his support was barely visible.

By the time the U.S. enteredthe war, it was in its latter stages. The Bolsheviks, a Russian revolutionary group,had taken control of Russia from Nicholas II and soon after pulled out of thewar—essentially removing the Eastern front. With the help of the draft(Selective Service Act) and some effective nationalist propaganda, the US builta military just shy of five million in number, including draftees andvolunteers.

 

As at home, there wascultural divide among different races, creeds, and cultures in the ranks of themilitary. The 92nd Division, which was composed of African Americans, was thefirst to be integrated with the French. Interestingly enough, being stationedin France became a kind of utopia for these African Americans, as Europeanprejudices were not as loud as those in the U.S., and many earned medals ofvalor that came with extended times at the front. Most American soldiers wouldnot see war until March 1918, when they were sent to reinforce the war-weary Frenchtroops along the Western front. A couple months later, an Allied march into theheart of Germany would seal the end of the fighting, and by November, Wilhelmwas forced to abdicate. Armistice Day,

 

November 11, 1918, would bethe official ending date for the conflict.

 

WorkingToward Peace and Cooperation

 

One of Wilson’s mostinfamous failures was his Fourteen Points plan, from which he hoped to inspirea peaceful forum for debate and discussion, a proposed League of Nationsreminiscent of today’s United

Nations. With the Democratsno longer in control of the legislature, this plan flopped on both the nationaland international level, failing to even receive the support of the U.S.Congress. Still, the year 1919 would see official peace and strides made towardWilson’s desired cooperation.

There would also besanctions that gravely wounded the nations that had made up the Central powers—especially Germany—who would end up on the cusp of total economic failure. Leftwith mountains of debt and the loss of the disputed Alsace-Lorraine region toFrance, and without the right to retain a standing army,

 

Germany was a shell of itsformer self–providing a dangerous opportunity for a charismatic and ambitious youngGerman corporal named Adolf Hitler. Other nations, too, would suffer from thesesanctions, many of which were decided by Western powers without account tolocal cultural ties and potential new powder kegs. As with the end of anyconflict, so also ends the wartime opportunities. This all too often causes theeconomy to slow and new “villains” to emerge. The new threat would be anyopposition to democracy. The first “Red Scare” emerged in full force, with vengeancetoward anyone who threatened the American ideal. This would include two majormigrating populations within U.S. borders: Mexicans and African Americans.

 

The war years and economicopportunities motivated the movement of approximately 500,000 African

Americans to northernindustrial cities in search of work and an escape from the continued harshrealities in the South. In the following two decades, another 500,000 alsomigrated, oftentimes as families came together. With day labor moving toindustry, that opened up opportunities in agricultural centers such as the AmericanSouth and Southwest. It is from this motivation that hundreds of thousands ofMexicans entered the

 

U.S. in search of betterlives and escape from corrupt government. As their numbers grew, so did theirvoice, representation, and just as suddenly, renewed forms of segregation andhate.

These first two decades ofthe 20th century proved to be a time of both pros and cons, as almost every communitywould be drastically impacted either by the war, migrations, or legal changes.As important as it is to consider the international impact of an event such asWorld War I, it is also important to reflect on the local impact; for somecommunities, entire generations of young adult men were lost, while in othercommunities, new laws led to an upsurge in family potential. In still others,the entire demographic changed as the need for

 

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