Phenotypic variations among individuals within the populations can result in differences in the nature and degree of interactions that occur.
Classification 12.1 By designating the positive effect of one species on another as +, a detrimental effect as −, and no effect as 0, we can develop a classification of possible interactions between two co-occurring species: (00) neutral; (0+) commensalism; (++) mutualism; (0−) amensalism; (−−) competition; (+−) predation, parasitism, or parasitoidism. Population Dynamics 12.2 Species […]
