Effects of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes (APO)
Specific Aims Adverse perinatal outcomes (APO) include infant’s birth defects, maternal pregnant and obstetric complications. Birth defects, including major congenital malformation (MCM) and minor anomaly (MA), become the leading causes of infant morbidity, mortality, and years of potential life lost in the United States. 1 Low birth weight (LBW), abnormal condition of new born (ACNB), […]
